Base64 Encoding is a binary-to-text encoding scheme used to convert binary data into an ASCII string format. This process makes it easier to transmit binary information over text-based systems such as email or HTTP, which can only handle text data reliably. The name "Base64" comes from the fact that the encoding uses a set of 64 characters to represent data.

How It Works:
Input Data: Binary data is divided into 3-byte chunks (24 bits).
Bit Manipulation: Each 3-byte chunk is further divided into four 6-bit groups.
Character Mapping: Each 6-bit group is mapped to a character in the Base64 alphabet, which includes:
Uppercase letters (A-Z)
Lowercase letters (a-z)
Digits (0-9)
Two special symbols (+ and /).
Padding: If the binary data doesn’t align perfectly into 3-byte chunks, padding characters (=) are added to ensure the encoded string’s length is a multiple of 4.
Common Use Cases:
Data Transmission: Sending images, files, or other binary data via email or web protocols.
Storing Binary Data: Embedding binary data such as images in JSON or XML files.
Authentication: Encoding credentials for HTTP basic authentication.
Cryptography: Representing encrypted binary data as human-readable strings.
Example:
If you encode the string Hello using Base64, the process would output SGVsbG8=.

Benefits:
Universality: Converts binary data into a text format that is universally accepted across platforms.
Simplicity: Easy to implement and decode, requiring minimal computational resources.
Portability: Ensures binary data remains intact when transmitted through systems that are designed for text.
Limitations:
Increased Size: The encoded data is approximately 33% larger than the original binary data.
Not Secure: Base64 is not encryption; encoded data can easily be decoded without a key.
Base64 Encoding is widely used in software development for its simplicity and reliability in handling binary-to-text conversions, especially when dealing with text-only systems.